Simon de Bruxelles
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For hundreds of years the dwindling band of surviving Cornish-speakers have been so divided that they could not even agree what their language should be called.
Now after protracted and delicate neogtiations, Cornwall’s hardy linguistic scholars have set aside their differences to settle a standard written form for the language they treasure.
Since the early 20th century there has been a successful campaign to revive spoken Cornish, but the use of sources from different eras meant there were several versions of how it should be written. The result was a rivalry between proponents of Unified Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn, Modern Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Kernowak Standard, Kernewek Dasunys and other variants that would have left speakers of the original language utterly bemused.
As a measure of the differences Cornish-speakers could not even agree whether the language should be called Kernowek, Kernewek or Curnoack.
Now after two years of negotiation, scholars from all the different factions have reached agreement on a Standard Written Form which will be used in future in education, in pamphlets and brochures, and on public signs.
A thousand years ago, Cornish, which is closely related to Breton and Welsh, was spoken by most of the population in southwest England. Its decline began in 1549 when the Latin prayer book was replaced by an English version, provoking a revolt by people who spoke only Cornish. The repression that followed culminated in the massacre of 4,000 rebels and left a bitterness that lingers to this day.
Cornish retreated down the peninsula. The last monoglot Cornish speaker is believed to have been a man called Chesten Marchant who died at Gwithian in 1676. Dorothy Pentreath, the last native speaker, died in 1777 at Mousehole. The last living link with the language was broken in 1891 with the death of John Davey, of Zennor, who took to the grave the Cornish phrases his grandfather had taught him.
By 1900 Cornish was a dead language that survived only in a few manuscripts and the notes of 18th and 19th-century linguistic scholars who had recorded what they could before it vanished completely.
Its reconstruction and revival began in the early 1900s with renewed interest in Cornish heritage and there are now about 300 people who can speak it fluently, with several thousand more who have at least a rudimentary grasp.
Cornish is unique among minority European languages because it was revived after having died out. A team of scholars led by a Norwegian linguist, Trond Trosterud, devised the standard written form under the auspices of the Cornish Language Partnership.
Its development officer Jenefer Lowe, who has been speaking Cornish since she was a girl, said: “There were scholastic disagreements and some pretty firmly held opinions but we managed to reach agreement in the end. The standard form draws on the forms already in existence. This means that users of any form will find much that is familiar, alongside some differences.”
Benjamin Bruch, a former lecturer in Celtic studies at Harvard University who helped to draw up the SWF, said: “It is a critical and extremely exciting time in the history of the language. There has been a huge change in perception and awareness of the language over the past ten years.”
He added that he hopes the move will encourage a stronger sense of Cornish identity. “If you have no language you have no land. A lot of people feel it is part of their identity, part of their heritage. Cornwall is lucky because people are working hard to use it more and more. It gives it a fighting chance when others are going.”
Cornwall County Council is now asking that Cornish be recognised by the EU as an official regional or minority language, like Welsh or Gaelic. That could ease the way for EU funding for teaching – which at present is restricted to DVDs in three secondary schools. Frances Bennett, a teacher of Modern Cornish, said: “Young children are really keen to learn the language. It’s like a secret code to them.”
Starting point
Myttin da
Good morning
Dohajydh da
Good afternoon
Gorthugher da
Good evening
Fatla genes?
How are you?
Meur ras
Thank you
Marpleg Please
Pinta korev marpleg
Pint of beer, please
Yeghes da/Sewena
Cheers
A vynn’ta kavoes neppyth dh’y dhybri?
Do you want something to eat?
Ple’ma an bysva?
Where is the toilet?
My a’th kar
I love you
Dyw genes
Goodbye (God be with you)
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I have known about, and have spoken, Cornish nearly all my life and so have my children. I know many people to whom I would naturally speak Cornish. If it is a dead language then does that mean that we don't exist? Or do we exist in some mythical kingdom outside of the realm of Great Britain?
Loveday, Praze an Beeble, Cornwall
I hope Cornwall, does not, when its language is recognised, erect all public signs in Cornish, as in Wales. When ever I drive in Wales I am swamped with all that Welsh, erected, for the benefit of a tiny minority of Welsh people, all of whom speak English !
C.Wood, Camberleyu, UK
Fantastic news for Cornish and Cornwall!
As a Gaelic speaker I am really pleased to see the progress that Kernewek is making.
Alasdair, Glaschu / Glasgow, Alba / Scotland
My children attended a 'taster session' in the local library and are really looking forward to being taught the language in their school after this Summer. Most other children are as well.
Well done on this agreement !
Bryn M, Redruth, Cornwall,
I think that it is a real cause for celebration. Well done to all who have worked so hard to come to an agreement and to reinstate what was lost. Of course Cornish was spoken by the vast magority of people living in that area. It is so closely related to Welsh and Breton.
David Petersen, Carmarthen,
Love it. As a fractious, argumentative ex-pat Cornishman myself, only we could argue for years about the proper form of a language hardly any of us speak.
still, I'm all for showing our heritage through Standard Cornish may the harmony last until next week, when we fall out about something else!
Kevin, London, United Kingdom
Teaching The Cornish Language to children will be one of the biggest waste of time and tax payers money. It is a dead language and only spoken if at all in cornwall so it is useless in the wider world. Teach children more useful languages like Chinese, French etc
James, Leicester,
They can throw/ waste as much money on trying to bring back this little used language. Sadly much of todays Cornish language is based on modern Welsh.
Instead of wasting money on this - surely it's better to invest in modern languages.
I have never heard Cornish spoken in the county.
Jack, Redruth, England
Glad to finally see some time and money well spent on something TRULY indiginous and British. From small acorns . . .
Lucas, Herts., uk
C Weatherhill, I hate to burst your bubble, but the Celtic languages aren't "indigenous" to the British Isles as you claim. They are descended from Indo-European and once flourished on the Continent. Don't forget - everyone was new here once.
John F, London,
The article makes out that the split is centuries old. It isn't. A bunch of folk fell out in the ->1980s<-.
"The Cornish language is an artificial invention and so is Cornish identity "
British identity is a construct too. American identity even more so. English nearly died out in Norman times
Ray, Edinburgh, Scotland/Alba
" They should be learning Mandarin or Arabic, not this stuff."
If British schoolchildren are unable to learn CLOSELY RELATED languages such as French and German, properly, how do you propose they do this?
I say good on the Cornish - they're getting their self-respect back.
Ray, Edinburgh, Scotland/Alba
At last, now we can get on with the business of seeing Kernow becoming a dual language nation as in Wales they being our closest relatives.
Henry, Newquay,
Cornish has never been a dead language having always had speakers and writers at home and worldwide. It is almost as close as a dialect to Breton which had more than two million speakers in 1900 and has hundreds of thousands today. Some fishermen were using Cornish words and phrases in 1949.
John, Redhill,
Well, thanks a lot, C. Weatherhill. I'm English through and through, but before today I'd never realised that there was a race specifically associated with red hair & blue eyes, like mine. I've felt like such a mongrel for years, that it was kind of nice to see it recognised as a legitimate combo.
Sophie, Aberystwyth,
Please don't do this to Cornwall. It's a beautiful place already so don't act like the Welsh and start being stupid about a language nobody needs or uses.
Neil, Birmingham, U.K
It is a dead language. This should be accepted. Scholars may study the old/ancient texts, but noone will ever know what it truly was. Regionalist pride is dangerous at best. Leave it where it belongs and learn a language in use. The dead cannot be revived, neither can a language.
Mark, Nee Cornwall, Non UK
It is thoroughly unhelpful to children to sabotage their education by occupying their learning time and energy in teaching them a dead language that will be of less use to them when they grow up than would teaching them Elvish or Klingon. They should be learning Mandarin or Arabic, not this stuff.
Liam, Stoke, UK
Any chance of some links? I started to look into the language a few years ago, but was frustrated by the lack of resources. If it's easier to learn the language now, I want to. Where can you get hold of those DVDs mentioned?
Exile, Nottingham,
That's all anybody says to anything any more; 'How much does it cost the taxpayer!?' !!!
If any of you have lived in Cornwall (which i did during my Primary School years and early teens), you will know that Cornwall is a magical place, deserving the revival of it's own language.
Rebecca, Crewe,
Yes Steve of Torrington, we should forget all about this because of the small % of the population who cant trace their family back 20 generations. People who migrate and especially their children can absorb culture and become cornish - or should black/asian/polish etc people not integrate either?
Mark, St Just, Cornwall
The project was financed by a grant from the EU, not from UK funds. Although indirectly it is still (partly) UK taxpayers money, that's true.
paul, st austell, kernow
A great step in the right direction for Kernow. Will be great to see it used more across the country on road signs ect.
Well done to all those involed!
Kernow Bys Vyken!
Tom, Porthleven, Kernow
What a great story - and what a typical reaction from the rest of the country. Having lived in the west country for several years, I have seen at first hand the arrogant sense of superiority that accompanies the monied holiday-homers who invade at Easter each year. Good on the Cornish!!
Marco, Basildon,
To set the historical record straight: the 1549 Prayer Book Rebellion started in Devon; Cornwall was already two-thirds English-speaking; and a Cornish prayer book wasn't on the agenda - all they wanted was a return to the pre-Reformation Latin rite (which of course hardly anyone could understand).
Alan, Cambridge,
"We have been here at least 6 millenia" because, of course, all those living in England came over with the Saxons, all those in Wales/Scotland/Cornwall were natives.
Don't be so stupid and idealistic, no-one truly knows who their ancestors were!
Ann , Swindon ,
Having a Celtic ancestry doesnt make you Celtic if it did then more or less the entire population of England, Western Europe, Southern Europe and (of course) all the people descended from immigrants originating in these historically Celtic regions in the Americas etc are just as Celtic.
Calum, Glaschu, Alba
Will Northumbria become Celtic again if some small groups decide to invent their own Celtic dialect using the historical sources we have in the form of Old Welsh spoken in northern England/Southern Scotland 1000-15000 years ago?
Calum, Glaschu, Alba
The Cornish language is an artificial invention and so is Cornish identity and the proponents of both are simply Englishmen in denial (something which, in the interests of fairness, I would also say about all non-Welsh speaking Welshmen and non-Gaelic speaking Scots and Irish).
Calum, Glaschu, Alba
"How much did this cost the taxpayer?" - guess what, Cornish people pay taxes too. The single written form will hopefully be a great leap forwards. The Cornish language will soon be taught in several Cornish schools.
Jon, Truro, Cornwall
Cornish died out because the Latin Prayer Book was replaced by and English version, 'provoking a revolt by people who spoke only Cornish'. Why would they have cared, as they didn't speak Latin either.
David Leslie, Perth, Scotland
People expressing negative comments about the resurgance of the Cornish do so out of their own bitterness and lack of cultural identity. Personally, I pity them.
Kernow Bys Vyken!
Gareth Ellery, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear
To those questioning the spending of public money on this, I would say that any money is more than offset by the upkeep of the Duke of Cornwall by the Cornish, through the de jure Government of the Duchy of Cornwall, saving the English crown millions! see www.duchyofcornwall.eu
Charles M, Plymouth, Cornwall
"What nonsense this is. '...a stronger sense of Cornish identity.' What, for all the Midlanders and Londoners who now live there?"
No it is for the indigenous Cornish, of which I am one. If the midlanders and londoners don't like it then they know what to do.
Nigel, Redruth, Kernow
Now this is what I expect from this country, interesting, fun and teaching people new things.
Why cant we have more things like this happening?
Jon, Edinburgh,
Now they have agreed on the language, will they stop stoning Rick Stiens? (And the property of anyone else considered an "emmet".) Or will this mean another round of nonsense from the Cornish Liberation Army, more broken glass on the beaches, and more "incommers" property burned down.
Big Ger, Truro, England
The Cornish/Tibetans are entirely right to seek to protect,value and nourish their native culture and language in the face of hegemonist physical,institutional,cultural,exploitative and oppressive forces emanating from their more powerful imperialist neighbour.
Dr T Jackson, Truro, Kernow
I think the world needs more quixotic projects like this one. Better than bombing random countries. Yeghes da!
Don, Gyoda, Japan
I also have to question how much public money went into this.
You do realise that there are probably more people in the world speaking Klingon....
Darren, Norwich, UK
What typically Anglo-Saxon responses. The English have been in these islands for 1500 years. We have been here for at least six millenia. Cornish, along with Welsh and the defunct Cumbrian, is descended from the indigenous Celtic language of these islands and is part of British heritage.
c.weatherhill, penzance, kernow
There has been a large resurgence over the last couple of years amongst the youth in Cornwal creating a real cornish identity for themselves. The emergence of the Cornish mafia and Cornish nationalist proves this.
However I cannot really see Cornwall ever being too Cornish due to large influxes.
Jamie, Truro, Cornwall,
How much did this cost the taxpayer?
steve tea, manchester, cheshire
What nonsense this is. '...a stronger sense of Cornish identity.' What, for all the Midlanders and Londoners who now live there?
Steve, Torrington,