Lewis Smith, Environment Reporter
Get 20% off your bill at Pizza Express
What is the scale of the problem?
An estimated 12.4 billion plastic bags were handed out at checkouts last year in the stores of 21 retail groups in Britain, including supermarkets. Each bag was used, on average, for only 20 minutes before being discarded. Many billions more were given away by thousands of other stores and businesses.
Plastic bags are estimated to take 1,000 years or more to degrade, meaning that unless they are disposed of properly they form long-lasting litter.
What’s wrong with plastic?
Simple unsightliness is one of the main complaints against plastic bags. Because they take so long to break down they remain in the environment for much longer than most other materials and blow around making a mess of the landscape.
Plastic litter can be lethal to wildlife, either because animals swallow it or because they get irretrievably tangled up in it. Rare turtles mistake bags for jellyfish and many more types of animal are put at risk. In 2005 WWF calculated that almost 200 species of marine creatures were affected, including whales, seals and dolphins.
More than a million seabirds and 100,000 marine mammals are estimated by the United Nations Environmental Programme (Unep) to be killed annually by plastic in the seas. It has calculated that 46,000 pieces of plastic, many of them bags, are swirling about each square mile of the oceans. A vortex of plastic has been found covering huge swaths of the Pacific Ocean from about 500 miles (800km) west of California almost as far as Japan.
Are they all bad?
They wouldn’t have become everyday items if they didn’t have their uses. Plastic has proved to be a strong, lightweight and convenient material that has permeated the whole of society. They’re not just available at the tills. Smaller plastic bags are found in the fruit and veg sections of supermarkets and bakery areas. Companies use them to bag up promotional giveaways, and in the home they are used to line bins and to wrap up dirty nappies.
What are other countries doing?
China, for once winning the approval of environmental groups such as Greenpeace, has announced that from June 1 all shops are to stop providing free bags, while production of ultra-thin bags was banned.
Several other countries have taken action. In Germany shoppers have long expected to pay for any plastic bags they use and they tend to bring their own when out shopping. Similarly, charging for bags has taken place in Sweden for a decade. Charging was made compulsory in supermarkets in the Irish Republic in 2002 and the number of plastic bags taken at the tills plummeted by 90 per cent. However, plastic bin liner sales promptly soared by an estimated 400 per cent. A plan by France to ban shops from giving out any plastic bag that is not made of biodegradable materials is due to come into force in 2010, but could be blocked by European law for violating free-trade principles.
What is the Government doing?
Gordon Brown said this week that he was considering using legislation to force the hand of supermarket chains and other retailers. The threat of compulsion is the latest move by the Government on the issue of single-use bags. It went public with its concerns last May.
Mr Brown’s announcement tied in with a campaign by the Daily Mail to ban free plastic carrier bags, but it remained unclear yesterday how much of a role No 10 may have had behind the scenes in prompting the newspaper, edited by Paul Dacre, who has notably friendly relations with the Prime Minister, to run the campaign.
Even after making the threat of compulsion, the Government maintained its position of wanting to encourage the reduction in plastic bag use rather than take legislative action.
What does the Government want?
On the face of it the aim is to rid Britain of single-use bags, whether plastic or paper. They are seen as a waste of resources.
In the long term, the Government hopes to have an impact on the throwaway culture. Reducing packaging is another aspect of society’s wastefulness that ministers would like to curb. More distant goals would be to make equipment such as fridges and music centres last much longer. A change in mindset to make single-use products socially unacceptable is the eventual hope.
What are the alternatives to plastic?
Long-life bags are already on offer. They are plastic but last much longer than the free bags so can be used repeatedly — as long as shoppers remember to take them with them.
Biodegradable bags are another form of plastic. Some are derived largely from fossil fuel waste products and their lifespan can be pre-programmed.
Others are derived from plants. In the open air they will degrade into microscopic fragments but when trapped in oxygen-less conditions, such as when buried deep in landfill sites, decomposition will stop.
Paper bags would be frowned upon by environmentalists because they take up more energy to make and transport than plastic. Fabric bags, whether jute, hemp or cotton, would all be expected to last years but there are doubts over the energy required to make them and fears that increased production of plants for their manufacture would reduce the quantity of agricultural land for food.
What is the best solution?
In short, no one knows for sure. Each interest group will argue its corner but too little is known about the total environmental impact of each type of bag. How do you balance, for instance, the damage to wildlife by plastic bags with the loss of food crops to the human population by growing hemp? What is the impact that each has on climate change?
One of the main reasons why the Government hasn’t introduced legislation already is that it is not sure what the practical alternatives are to plastic bags. Each has obvious pros and cons, but a comprehensive understanding remains elusive.
Wouldn’t charging for bags simply be a new tax in disguise?
Part of the reason for the Government having refused to take action to force customers to buy plastic bags rather than take them gratis is the fear charging will simply be seen as a green tax. Such charges are unlikely to be direct taxes and retailers are expected to put the money towards environmental causes rather than pocket it. However, any compulsory measures that force up the cost of the shop will inevitably be seen by many voters as a tax.
Industry sectors news at a glance. Interactive heatmap, video and podcast
The inside track on current trends in the charity, not for profit and social enterprise sectors
Explore your passion for food with the delights of Thai, Indian & Chinese cooking
Read our exclusive 100 Years of Fleming and Bond interactive timeline, packed with original Times articles and reviews
Everything the Business Traveller needs to know to make a better trip
Shortcuts to help you find sections and articles
05/2005
£13,500
08/2008
£109,950
2006
£10,750
Great car insurance deals online
£100k
The National Skills Academy for Social Care
London
£49,229 - £62,035 pro rata
Charity Commission
London/Liverpool/Taunton
£75k - £85k
Confidential
London
Six Figure
Rolls Royce
Midlands/Europe
From £89,950
Great Investment, River Views
$3.5 million
Also avaliable for rent
Times Online Property Search will help you find it
Amazing Far East Offers - Visit Hong Kong
from £499pp
Cruise the Islands of Hawaii - Pride of America
List your property with two leading travel websites
Great travel insurance deals online
Contact our advertising team for advertising and sponsorship in Times Online, The Times and The Sunday Times, or place your advertisement.
Times Online Services: Dating | Jobs | Property Search | Used Cars | Holidays | Births, Marriages, Deaths
News International associated websites: Globrix | Property Finder | Milkround
Copyright 2008 Times Newspapers Ltd.
This service is provided on Times Newspapers' standard Terms and Conditions. Please read our Privacy Policy.To inquire about a licence to reproduce material from Times Online, The Times or The Sunday Times, click here.This website is published by a member of the News International Group. News International Limited, 1 Virginia St, London E98 1XY, is the holding company for the News International group and is registered in England No 81701. VAT number GB 243 8054 69.
In the major food stores in Switzerland you get ten paper carrier bags for a Pound, and just seven plastic bags.
So all the Greens and other do-gooders buy paper bags, while those who do not want to see their groceries spill out over the car park during rain, continue to buy plastic bags-you don't have to suffocate rare turtles or children with them
Peter Haller, Berne, Switzerland
A great red herring - the paper bag. Mine from Tesco reads 'biodegradable.' I hope it doesn't live up to this promise before I can use it to contain rotting food waste which is an absolute necessity now that councils only collect refuse once a fortnight.
If you want the country defaced by more litter and rotting food, by all means ban the bag.
I'm building up a stock at the moment in recognition that there are just too many fools out there who are intent on baning the bag.
David Nammory, Liverpool,
I like the idea of paying for one's plastic bags at the store, or, better yet, receiving a refund for number of plastic bags not needed. In Nova Scotia, Canada, fabrics are not recycled. If cloth bags were made from old jeans and other strong materials, there would be less garbage going to the dump, fewer plastic bags needed at the store, and no impact on land for food crops.
Mary Jo, Berwick, Nova Scotia, Canada
Littering is one of this country's largest anti-social problems at the moment yet it receives virtually no public attention! People just "put up" with it, as with graffiti and vandalism. A government backed public awareness campaign may be the best way to convince that tiny percentage of the public who do litter to bin it instead. It is well known that all 3 of these problems lead to wider social problems as well.
Mark Transon, Birmingham, U.K.
It wouldn't matter how long plastic bags took to degrade if they were not littered. Close to 100% of plastic shopping bags end up in landfill or the waste-to-energy plant. Plastic bags in landfill are inert - i.e. they don't braek down - this means that they do not contribute to landfill emissions or leachate - so what is the problem?
A fraction of one percent end up as litter and they make up just 0.7% of litter in the UK. Wouldn't the best solution be to target the litterers?
When it comes to plastic in the oceans - it is clear that the vast majority of material comes from the fishing / shipping industry. the Figures of '100,000 marine mamals' you quoted in your article comes from a Newfoundland study on the impact of fishing nets on the seabird population that was misqoted by other authors. The '46,000 bits of plastic per square mile' is the result of authorities (MARPOL) insisting that waste disposed of at sea is ground up to a particle size of less than a square inch.
Gerard van Rijswijk, Sydney, Australia
This announcement came out last Friday, it has to be the answer, no oil in these, only potato starch which itself is carbon neutral, the LCA for them shows they are well ahead of petro-plastic bags for energy and CO2 as well as being compostable at home, you can use the bags for compostable food and garden waste !
29 February 2008 - Speculation re plastics
Stanelco's commercial and development activities take place in the UK, with manufacture provided by Biotec, its German subsidiary jointly owned with SPhere S.A. Stanelco recently invested in further capacity at the German production factory, enabling it to have the capacity of producing annually the bioplastics that could replace some 2.9 billion conventional plastic bags. That equates to approximately one per week for every man, woman and child in the UK.
The full announcement is here ....
http://production.investis.com/seo/regnews/rnsitem?id=1204278208nRNSc0408P
Paul, Jersey, CI
Our local supermarket has a well used bin for 'recycling' plastic bags. I use it, but worry about what happens to the stuff in the bin; visions of giant lorries crossing the country and perhaps ships carrying it all off to China... If only we could overcome our irrational concern about incineration we could burn them, recover the fuel value and save the turtles and the dolphins at the same time.
William Affleck, Nailsworth, Gloucestershire
what about a willow basket? naturally growing eco friendly material available in Britailn as a native shrub. if you do not have the skills to harvest and make your own there are suppliers, particulary in Somerset. try a search on the web.
cfleming, Duns, UK
Why does the government have to "enforce". The simple solution is to educate and leave the individuals to make a choice. Some will voluntarily stop others will not. Its a free society. isn't it?i
Hamad Lone, London, England
Just as I'm sick of blobs of chewing gum on every urban pavement in this country, so too am I sick of the sight of urban tumble weed and other rubbish that's indicative of human sloth. Whether any of it has any effect on the environment can be debated till your blue in the face, but what we can all do is make the effort to dispose of rubbish properly to make the place where we live more pleasant.
David, Cheshire,
"Surely there is no argument here. "
Yes there is. I don't buy bin bags, I use free plastic bags. I have no net plastic bag use. You stop them coming from the supermarket, and I have to buy bin bags (as has been demonstrated in Ireland).
The trouble is that to a socialist, everything is soluble with a law, rule or regulation. it isn't. The world is complex with interlocking problems, not amenable to a central diktat. Even the Government's advisers, WRAP, concluded that probably the status quo was the best of all the "solutions." Yet this isn't good enough for the humble Mr. Brown, who insist in the Daily Mail on yet more hectoring and rule making and will make the situation worse. The man will never learn.
Kay Tie, York,
I re-use my carrier bags - wherever they come from - as kitchen bin liners. If I didn't have them I'd have to buy plastic bin liners. I prefer to get free bags with my shopping. Though I suppose supermarkets factor them in to their costs so they're not free really. I don't particularly want to ahve to wash out my wheelie bin every time the rubbish is collected, whcih is what I'd have to do if I didn't use the bags for rubbish. Seems an insoluble problem to me unless everyone tries to sue carrier bags more than once - i.e. I never just use them once. It's the best I can do.
Jill, Boston, UK
We should introduce a ban on plastic containers. Full stop.
In years past I have helped carry home shopping in paper carrier bags whose bottoms fell out when damp, And then discovered the joys of the string bag. With the simple investment in a couple of balls of string and a book out of the library, we made a bag which was compact, light to carry and lasted for years. And when eventually it failed us, it rooted away in the compost within months.
Mike Poulsen, Reading, Berkshire
bread and circuses. keep the proles busy with trivial problems (botled water and plastic bags are going to destroy the planet - really ????) and then they wont be concentrating on the bigger problems.
Dr Kevin Law, Dundee, UK
Surely there is no argument here. Follow the example in France and, (with the exception of the likes of Lidl), make no "free" plastic bags available in UK supermarkets. The figures speak for themselves. Consumers here buy one bag and it lasts and lasts, so it follows "free" plastic bags must be better for lowering costs, natural resources, and the environment generally.
The green tax viewpoint is rubbish - there is no God given right that supermarkets should supply bags in the first place and panders more to GB not wishing to upset the idle.
Terry, L'Absie, France