Gary Duncan, Economic view
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For hundreds of thousands of Americans, it is a personal financial disaster. For the wider US economy, it is a growing economic shock with an increasing potential to inflict severe repercussions on the nation’s prospects and prosperity.
The deepening scandal of the US “sub-prime” mortgage implosion looks more and more like a cautionary tale of financial excess that sits unhappily alongside Enron and the dot-com bubble, both in terms of scale and consequences.
It is story of Dickensian bleakness: of avaricious money-merchants and of the broken dreams of struggling but foolhardy men and women who seized on false promises of an easy leg up the ladder of their own aspirations.
To much of the United States, and most of us in Britain, “sub-prime” lending is another country of which we know little. Yet for millions of America’s poor, it is a financial trend that has turned from seeming salvation to curse in five or six short years.
Viewed in hindsight, the debacle that is now unfolding was, like many such events, an obvious accident waiting to happen.
Around the turn of the decade, as the US housing boom accelerated, a large group of greedy American lending institutions became so rashly intent on maintaining the growth of their loan books at all costs that they began to hand out mortgages to borrowers with varying combinations of poor credit history, no steady source of income and little or no collateral.
As lending criteria grew more and more relaxed, the risks associated with this reckless “sub-prime” lending escalated, with vulnerable borrowers being given access to loans for 100 per cent of property values and high multiples of their incomes. And, just as soaring house prices meant that more people had to resort to such sub-prime loans, so sub-prime lending itself gave more fuel to the property boom.
Two factors turned this trend into a train wreck. First, the vast bulk of sub-prime loans were adjustable rate mortgages, or “Arms”. While these start out at enticing, discounted rates, interest payments jump when such inducements expire.
Now payments on many of these loans are being reset, at a time when official US interest rates are much higher, having been lifted from historic lows of 1 per cent in 2003 and 2004 to more than 5 per cent now.
The result is that borrowers cannot meet repayments, so that mortgage arrears and defaults on sub-prime loans are surging. In turn, more than 30 mortgage lenders have shut up shop since last year. For borrowers and lenders, this was an Arms race on a road to financial destruction.
The second factor makes the picture still worse. For many sub-prime borrowers, these financial horrors have been compounded by seeing their repayments leap just as the US housing market boom hit the buffers. Tens of thousands who were already struggling to service their loans had resorted to refinancing, taking on still more debt at disadvantageous terms. But with falling house prices in some areas now pushing these overstretched people into negative equity, the lenders’ doors are barred. Repossessions and forced sales of homes are rising sharply.
It is plain that the social consequences of all of this are as grim as they are scandalous. Yet many US analysts appear excessively relaxed about the wider fallout for a slowing American economy, arguing that the scale of the sub-prime market means that any spillover effects will be slight.
This looks about as complacent as the thoughtless lenders who are now going to the wall. Not only is it clear that the sub-prime crisis is going to get a whole lot worse before it runs its course, but the potential for a domino effect hitting large parts of the United States’s housing market, and the wider economy, looks rather greater.
The sub-prime market mushroomed over the past five years, so that by last year it accounted for almost a quarter of new mortgages, worth about $665 billion. That’s up from 10 per cent of loans, worth some $200 billion, in 2001.
Analysis by Paul Dales, of Capital Economics, notes that the percentage of sub-prime mortgages now in persistent arrears has climbed to more than 13 per cent, from 10.3 per cent at the end of 2004, while default rates have risen to 4.5 per cent of sub-prime loans. As Mr Dales suggests, arrears and defaults are likely to climb more steeply, as many sub-prime mortgages have yet to reset to higher interest-rate levels. And the problems will almost certainly be compounded by weakening economic conditions, as well as falling house prices in some regions that will push more borrowers into the trap of negative equity.
The threat of wider, knock-on consequences will then escalate if forced auctions of repossessed homes drive up the supply of houses for sale just as housing demand is curtailed both by a faltering economy and (inevitably) the greatly reduced availability of sub-prime loans.
An excess of property and a drop in demand will put more downward pressure on US house prices, deepening the slump in the property market. In turn, the impact could then be felt on consumer demand, since American homeowners have for years relied on cashing in on the previously rising value of their homes to finance their high-spending habits.
Sanguine observers believe that the sub-prime market is too small to have such a big impact. But Capital’s analysis highlights a detailed study by the US Centre for Responsible Lending which estimates that 20 per cent of sub-prime mortgages made in the past two years could end in defaults — meaning an extra 600,000 US homes could be put up for sale: a rise of 15 per cent compared with the total size of the market in January.
Factoring in lower demand, in the event of sub-prime loans completely drying up, Mr Dales calculates that — in a possible worst-case scenario — the sub-prime meltdown could end up with ten months’ supply of homes on the US property market, up from about six months’ supply now: enough to trigger significant price drops.
Even if things do not get quite this bad, what is increasingly clear is that the parable of the sub-prime lender is not one that will have a happy ending.
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Is this the next big recession waiting to occur? I just read on another report that the vacant homes for sale rate is up 38 percent in the past year. So does this mean a downward spiral? People default, lenders put the houses on the market, house prices drop, others that have borrowed heavily against their homes can't borrow more as the value of their homes drop? Also layoffs in the building sector as the economy needs to absorb housing on the market.
I am trying to decide, am I being overly pessimistic or is this the tipping point for the economy just waiting to unfold.
R. Maddock, Newmarket, Canada
Yes, Greed run amok is the undoing of all of this. Greed of the lenders, greed of the borrowers, greed of the markets & greed of the administration. The US under funds the educational system leaving many of its citizens unable to climb up the socio-economic ladder. The US is also a cheerleader to the "American Dream". So many have it drummed into them yet not given the tools to achieve this dream. Enter greedy unregulated crooks who give the illusion of filling the gap, who are actually preying upon the ignorance created in America. The result of all this short sightedness is chronic cycles of bubbles of the highs & lows of wealth building based upon speculation. I'd much rather see build wealth on hard work, prudent investing and frugal habits. Its more stable and more achievable for all. Wealth building based upon speculation leads the majority to ruin & creates an elite. The US housing market will need to revert to the mean & that means alot of pain for many.
Joe, Washington, DC
Responding to John Lee in Atlanta - I am the exact opposite, and feel STUPID. I have rented for 3 years (even though I could afford to buy) - since the market is crazy. And I have had to put up with an unethical landlord all this time. And then what will happen? The government will raise my taxes to bail out the crooked real estate industry, because they financed the election campaigns of many of the elected officials. That is why Democracy is known as government of the lobby, by the lobby and for the lobby.
John, Fairfax, VA
The US subprime housing debacle can never be truly understood just by one factor. Yes, Greenspan is to blame for lowering interest rates too low for too long a period. Yes, there is greed, and also stupidity. In Canada, as in Britain, we also have fairly low interest rates, but no subprime mortgages. Therefore we are seeing an overall increase in house and various asset prices but not to the extend of what is happening in the US. In Britain, if house prices are bordering on the insane, then Mr. Brown better start jacking up interest rates, otherwise when that bubble pops, it could be toodles for the whole lot.
E. Long, Toronto, Canada
Anyone who has bought into or traded up in the housing market in the last two or three years must need their head seeing to. Do I need to remind you of the literal meaning of the word "mortgage"? And you want to saddle yourself with a massive debt for the rest of your lives - and in some cases pass from this mortal exisytence indebted? Get real and use some sense - stop paying ludicrous amounts of money that you can not rightfully afford. Wait & be patient.
Jez Sims, Ryde, Isle of Wight
I'm one of those sub-prime types. Bought in Atlanta GA with $0 down! no income disclosure no nothin!!! Lived in it for two years and made 4 monthly payments. JUst got evicted last month and I now rent in the same complex. IT was the cheapest form of housing that I ever knew and probably ever will. Ask me if I feel sorry for the builder, real estate agent, mortgage broker, hedge fund etc that made all this so stupid.
And the real kicker is that I just got approved for two new credit cards !!!
John Lee, Atlanta, GA
Its a bit scary on how tough it will be in 20 years from now. This article has a lot of indirect and direct relevances to a lot of countries around the world. Rent ? - might be the better option ofr a lot of people . Its just the thought of renting when retired that is the worry.
Phil, Brisbane , Australia
American sources were correctly predicting the housing problems 18 months ago. Same sources predict coming, probably very severe, recession. My solution, go liquid and reinvest when the Footsie 100 drops below 2000.
Keith Rothwell, Huddersfield, UK
Here in New Zealand we also have grossly inflated house prices. Admittedly we've only had about a doubling of property prices in the last 5 years.
We do have a crazy tax break that makes it VERY tax efficient to invest in property and a Government finance minister who claims it political suicide to introduce a capital gains tax on property; citing other countries as an example of why this wouldn't work, any way.
But in NZ like else where, property prices are a bubble, reminiscent of the South Sea bubble, Dutch Tulip mania & S.E UK crash of 1989. The only question is when will sanity prevail and houses fall back to their seeming long term average of
3.75 times average salary equals average house price.
Presently in NZ it's about SEVEN times. I do wonder if it's like a world pyramid scheme. i.e. you make some money in one country, so you borrow from the equity in an overseas property etc.
Here's hoping we ALL dont suffer in the aftermath of the upcoming correction.
Kevin Brown, Auckland, New Zealand
I like many could care less what happens to this segment. It does not effect me at all. I rent, and I always have, raising two children along the way. Owning a home is, and has been, a complete waste of your money. If you saved the amount you put into this four sided piece of wood that sits in the yard, and rots, for 40 years as I have you would be wealthy now. Do the math!
gwk, NYC, NY
There is a saying " A fool and his money, are soon parted ". Another one " if it looks to good, it usually is ". We can only hope that the Government does not help. We all know what happened with the S & L screw-up of the 80's. Been there, done that.
Desmond Taylor, Houston, USA Texas.
My view is that the people who are most likely to feel the pain are the lenders not the borrowers. The people defaulting on loans will walk away with nothing worse than a poor credit rating. The lenders are likely to lose a lot more. There may be some very cheap properties on the market for the rest of us in the not too distant future.
Jon, lancs,
Ah, I love the quality of hindsight. It all now looks so inevitable, no? And the terminology - "sub-prime" - makes it seem as if this is a very American phenomenom when actually "sub-prime" also constitutes a huge part of the UK mortgage market otherwise known as "self-certification". The fact is that almost no first-time buyer on a standard professional salary can afford to buy in London without lying about the size of their salary.
A professional earning £40,000 a year is doing well. This, in standard mortgage terms means they can borrow £120,000 which even with a large deposit won't buy you the shittiest ex-council flat in the shittiest part of London.
We're all sub-prime these days. And instead, of writing mendacious articles like this claiming that it's all so obvious now, why are we not transferring lessons learned in the states to the housing market here?
harriet f, london, uk
Ken Blakely, rising house prices are in fact a BAD thing for the vast majority of people. Rising housing asset prices (a significant form of inflation) mean that younger workers have to take on ever bigger and bigger debts to service across their lifetime earnings (particularly bad in the current environment of low wage inflation). High house prices also decrease labour market flexibility, make it harder for young families to trade up to better houses, increase social inequality, decrease social cohesion (with more people at the lower income end locked out of the housing market), and constrain consumer demand long term (by constraining disposable income long term). Rising house prices are only good for those who are leaving the housing market -- to downsize or move to an economy with cheaper housing stock. It's a great mistake to think that house price inflation is a form of real wealth -- it can only be realised when a house is sold, and until then makes most of us poorer, not richer.
Isabel, London,
It would be really useful to know what the NEXT disaster is going to be. I would suggest commercial property as an investment for retail investors in the UK.
Frank Upton, Solihull,
In response to this article and to F. Coffield's comment- "I live in Atlanta Georgia and what happened here was insane. ..... People were buying $200-300K homes with $40k jobs. " I'd like to add (as a British research scientist working in Oxford on £23K p.a.) that in the UK, a one or two bedroomed flat (not even a house) here is £200k plus.
The high house prices may be bad in America, but in Britain it really is "insane".
V Jones, Oxford, UK
The vicious cycle is only now starting. Many US homeowners aggressively tapped home equity to fund their lifestyles. This ends when home prices stop going up (they don't have to come down at all). Once this stops, discretionary purchases slow and people start being laid off. This leads to more borrower distress and greater entrenchment of consumer spending, ultimately to an unwillingness to pay more for housing. The current problem is so bad that if housing prices retraced to only year 2000 levels, there would be $0 home equity in the entire United States. In other words, fasten your seat belts it is going to be a bumpy ride.
Joe, Minneapolis, MN, USA
"...The subprime market actually caused the prices to rise on all homes....", which was a good thing for the vast, overwhelming majority of people.
Ken Blakely, Blandford, UK
Mr. Brooks rightly mentions the horrendous increases in insurance rates for Florida home owners, always assuming one can find an insurer. There are also huge property tax hikes for owners of holiday homes, these are not capped at 3%, as is the case for permanent residents.
These factors, combined with the repossessions which occur daily on the Treasure Coast, mostly because of the greed of 'sub prime' lenders, have resulted in a glut of unsold homes. The boom is over, too few jobs are available for people to be able to afford mortgages, visitor numbers are decreasing, revenue is falling. All signs of a severe downturn in the economy.
Joan F., Port St. Lucie, Florida. U.S.A.
The US housing market is stabilised by the fact that most existing homeowner mortgages carry fixed 30-year interest rates of between 4-7% . As for describing ARMs as foreign to the UK experience: if "sub-prime lending" is described as the granting of 100% mortgages for imprudent multiples of income at unprotected variable rates, the term could probably describe a large proportion of existing UK homeowner mortgages. This should give pause to anyone who weathered the 1989 UK property crash (when floating interest rates reached 15%), or the large sector of perfectly creditworthy UK homeowners whose monthly incomes are already consumed by variable rate mortgages at current floating interest rates of 5-7%.
Katherine, Maryland, USA
I live in Atlanta Georgia and what happened here was insane. The subprime market actually caused the prices to rise on all homes. People were buying $200-300K homes with $40k jobs. There were homes sold for 0 down or $500. Many of these homes were also townhomes which also had monthly Condo fees. People were qualified for these loans with very low interest rates. So now there are so many foreclosures that the resale market is horrible. Also many those who are in homes they can no longer afford are unable to sell them. With very rare exception, all one now has to do is pick any neighborhood or new development to purchase a home. It is all very scary. If you are a buyer wait a few months and you will get whatever you want at a price you want. Sellers - - be prepared to wait or sell at a reduced cost.
f. coffield, atlanta, georgia USA
As an economist I have never understood why Greenspan has been so revered by the media. He presided over the internet bubble and now the housing bubble. His irresponsible abdication of the Federal Reserve's prudential supervisory role has left the US economy in much worse shape than when Paul Volcker retired.
Ian, Myersville, MD/USA
For the US Gulf States the sub prime mortgage problem is being compounded by the rapid rise in home owners insurance premiums, caused by the large number of major hurricanes during 2005.
P.Brooks, Palm Bay, FL USA
Greed could bring Americas housing sector to griefGary Duncan, Economic view
Greed greed greed greed.
That is what the USA is always to lead the word by the greed. Have democarcy all over the worild, greed in the ENRON, GREEN now in DELL , Sec chacks the greed. Has the tummy of the greed not filled up to the brink to stp this money making machine to a level when people can live happily I mean less geed and more fun?
Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
I am in complete agreement with Mr Duncans assesment of Americas sub-prime mortgage problem. What bothers me most as an American, most Americans do not see it nor care. On top of that the politicans could care less and the very wealthy see an opportunity to buy low and sell high. Many Americans do not know they live close to third world standards and will be headed even further down that road. Middle class America is not in as good a shape as middle class western Europeans. It seems we in America are willing to sell out while still believing the hype we have the highest living standard in the world. By the time the dust settles from the sub-prime meltdown, maybe, just maybe we may wake up and demand more of our government instead of them demanding more from us.
Hulton, Carol Stream, USA
No-one in the UK should be complacent and view this as an exclusively US phenomenon. Exactly the same trend towards sub-prime lending has happened here during the recent housing boom, with self-certifiable mortgages, loans for 120%+ of the value of a property and lending to people with unstable incomes or bad credit histories. There is nothing to say that a sub-prime meltdown isn't headed this way across the Atlantic.
But no, I'm forgetting: property is always a good investment, it only ever goes up in value and you can never lose if you invest in property, or so we'd led to believe when reading the mainstream media in the UK.
MB, Edinburgh,
It is nothing new. The banks do it every time, this time it just took a lot longer for their short-term greed to catch up with them. Remember the Savings and Loan scandal of years ago? The banks and their shareholders deserve to take a beating when all of the 'monopoly money' - and lets face it, that is practially what it was - that they loaned does not get paid back. Stability of price in housing is much more preferable than what we have had on the way up and now on the way down.
Robert, Portsmouth, New Hampshire