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The British banking sector was thrown into fresh uncertainty yesterday as underwriters to the huge HBOS rights issue were faced with the prospect of being lumbered with £4 billion of unwanted shares.
Shares in Royal Bank of Scotland, Barclays and Alliance & Leicester, as well as HBOS, sank to levels not plumbed in at least eight years as London faced the possibility of the biggest equity capital flop since the BP fiasco of 1987.
The fresh alarm was triggered when HBOS shares dropped below the 275p price at which it plans to issue £4 billion worth of new stock in five weeks, closing at 258p, down 12 per cent.
Unless the share price recovers, the underwriters, Morgan Stanley and Dresdner Kleinwort, and sub-underwriters, will be forced to buy all the shares, leaving them with 29 per cent of the enlarged bank.
As the 275p price level was breached, HBOS issued a statement that the rights issue would go ahead on the present terms and insisted the underwriting agreement was bullet-proof.
Shane O'Riordain, the HBOS communications director, said: “This bank is not for turning. The reasons for the rights issue are as valid now as when we made the original announcement.”
Short-selling by hedge funds was blamed for some of the share price slide. The sub-underwriters, fearing a loss, may too have resorted to short-selling as a hedge, analysts said.
The collapse in housebuilder valuations may also have damaged sentiment.
HBOS has been an enthusiastic buyer of housebuilders, with stakes in Crest Nicholson, McCarthy & Stone, Cala, Keepmoat, Apollo, Miller and Tulloch and has loans outstanding to some of them.
HBOS added in a statement yesterday that current trading in general, and mortgage arrears in particular, were in line with its expectations, but declined to comment specifically on its housebuilder exposure.
Housebuilders blamed short-selling hedge funds for another day of plunging share prices.
Mark Clare, the chief executive of Barratt Developments, blamed short-sellers for forcing down his share price by as much as 42 per cent yesterday, after a 24 per cent decline on Tuesday.
Mr Clare said: “Nothing has changed since our last interim management statement [in May]. The only thing that has changed is that there are people out there for whom it may be in their interest to see share price falls. That attaches to short sellers.”
Fears that the current round of capital-raisings by UK banks will not be enough further hit their share prices.
Robin Geffen, the founder of Neptune Investment Management, said that banks had still owned up to only half of the $2 trillion of losses they have sustained.
“So the banks are on the first of at least two rights issues.”
Shares in RBS, which successfully raised £12 billion last Friday at 200p, sank 9 per cent to 212.25p yesterday, falling lower than at any time during its fund-raising period.
Sir Fred Goodwin, the chief executive, said it was “a great relief” the capital-raising was completed successfully, conceding there had been some nervous moments.
Barclays and Alliance & Leicester, which have so far announced no equity capital raisings, sank by 5 per cent and 8 per cent respectively.
One source close to HBOS said: “HBOS would rather be in the queue for capital than sweating on the sidelines.”
The Financial Services Authority, which is responsible for bank supervision, is understood to be monitoring closely the HBOS capital raising, which is designed to strengthen the bank's balance sheet.
HBOS is due to publish a prospectus and accompanying trading statement next week.
Shareholders, who include two million small investors, have until July 18 to put in applications.
The last time underwriters were faced with a multi-billion equity flop was 1987 when the stock market crash sent BP shares below the planned privatisation price, though the issue was resolved when the Kuwait Investment Office came in to mop up the unwanted stock.

Short-sellers, often hedge funds or proprietary traders in bank dealing rooms, aim to make money by betting on a particular company’s share price falling. There are four steps:
1. They borrow shares from other shareholders, usually for a very small fee, and sell them in the market (the proportion of company stock on loan gives a clue as to how heavily it is being targeted).
2. They wait, hoping that the share price will fall. Sometimes the wait is minutes, sometimes weeks, or very occasionally, years.
3. Then they buy the same number of shares in the market at the lower price and return them to the original lending shareholder.
4. They pocket as profit the difference between the proceeds from the shares they sold and the cost of the shares they bought later. If they guess wrong and the share price rises, they make a loss.
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Why blame short sellers? Nobody is short selling Tesco. Why not? Because it is a well managed company. HBOS, Barratt et al have been sold short because they are poorly managed. Investors should change the management, not the law.
Tony G, Newark,
short sellers sole intention is to drive the share price down then give it back to lender who received a fee for the loan of the shares The FSA should ban all speculation on borrowed shares No wonder the market is all over the place Was the market created to be a casino or for investment support.
stefan, Paris, France
Hedge Funds are the friend of the cashed up long term investors looking to add quality stocks to their portfolio at a bargain price.
Rob Harrison, Sydney, Australia
If the government wants to make some money, which they obviously do and need to do, why not tax 50% of the difference between the original sold price and the re-buy in profit price in FTSE & AIM? It would clamp down on this ridiculous practise (which isn't open to the public) and calm volatility.
Alistair Kipling, Birmingham,
i really can't see what benefit short-selling brings apart from earning a small number of hedge fund managers a larger bonus. markets should be for the benefit of the wider society and unless a particular trading practice is in the wider interest it should be banned.
stephen, china, china
David (London), when you buy an out of stock product on Amazon and pay upfront only to be delivered a month later when they take delivery, do you consider this to be unregulated and unrestricted short selling?
Amil, London, UK
It's also thought US funds are pulling out of UK shares on a big scale - maybe they now see that the London exchange is inadequately regulated and prefer better regulated markets not at the mercy of short-sellers, insiders, private equity etc.
People are sent to jail in the US for market abuse!
David, London,
Not being a banker or an economist or even educated in those fields - I am just a 'customer' - isn't it time that organisations stopped playing with money as if it were a game of Monopoly?
Why cant banks and building societies just lend money on what they have on deposit as was the case in the old days?
Alan, Llanerchymedd, Wales
If, as a holder, you knew you could sell say 30% of your shares at 495p and buy them all back at 275p - wouldn't that turn you into a little shorter. After all HBOS is looking for over 50% more shares, the price is bound to fall. I don't know what peeps expect?!
dan, dorset, uk
B & B have been hung out with the washing mate>>>>>
Derek Clifton, Andover, Hampshire, England
Bill - they also don't know it will be worth far less
they may think its going to go up in value when they lend it
tim, London,
To Tom Porter...
Yes, but would you lend someone a tenner in return for a 50p charge then and the aim of getting a fiver back later? Anyone who has lent out HBOS, housebuilders etc. in the last week has more or less done just that. Pension funds should not be doing this!
Andy Myles, Edinburgh,
As always in the markets, it's either too far up or too far down! 2x earnings for HBOS?? This is bargain of the century! Once the market picks up and/or bid comes in the underwriters will pick up a rather nice profit on their 4bn.. 'We'll write you if you depress the shares and give us a win/win!'
Kv, London,
"Shares in RBS, which successfully raised £12 billion last Friday at 200p, sank 9 per cent to 212.25p yesterday, falling lower than at any time during its fund-raising period."
Did this chap go to the same school of economics as the bankers? Or the Blair/Brown government?
Jay Tee, Oxford, UK
Bank of Scotland worked well for about 300 years when they were just a boring old bank with a funny old constitution. The Halifax was hugely successful as a dull old building society Then they started to be clever........
Frank Upton, Solihull,
David :
Without doubt your comments are correct. The markets must be cleaned up by the authorities responsible.They presently represent the unacceptable face of capitalism & are no longer a place for the small investor.
Malcolm, Neston, United Kingdom
Short selling is not an easy money spinner - plenty lose money when the share price continues to rise. Equally if you think a stock is worth holding long term there are three good reasons to lend it out to a short seller - you make the fee, you get them back and you can buy more if the price falls.
Huw Sayer, Norwich, England
Tom Porter, can you explain further. Although the lenders get the shares back surely they are worth less, also what happens if the borrower goes broke and can't pay them back?
Glen, Melbourne, Australia
All the gleeful lefties who glibly link HBOS to the death knell of capitalism, of course capitalism doesnt work, it just doesnt work as badly as all the other -isms dont work. I shouldnt have to point that out, you know.
Bill, Sydney, Australia
Bill Peter (Above), long term holders of shares, say Pension & Insurance Funds, will sometimes lend shares to be sold short because they can make money on the shares. i.e. they charge a fee for lending and their overall portfolio is not affected as they know they will get the shares back. Thats Why
Tom Porter, Singapore, Singapore
Who on earth would lend a share to a short seller knowing it will be worth far less when they get it back?
Bill Peter, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
When will this useless Government and FSA do something about unrestricted short selling and regulate it effectively. On such a scale it is market abuse. It will be interesting to see the extent of pension fund deficits when announced - so much value has been destroyed.
David, London,
Through your "comments" column I have asked time and again which banks have borrowed how much in return for what grade of security from the BofE.
It's time the public were made privy to these liabilities.
A.Williams, Stafford,
HBOS now valued at 9.7 billion profits last year 5.5 billion this year forecast profits 4.4 billion,this is looking like the bottom get ready for the upswing a bid for one of the big banks is not far away...................................
oliver, chichester, uk
So much for Scottish prudence...................
Peter, Bristol, England
Are we still absolutely certain that capitalism works?
Tom Perry, Singapore, Singapore
It is out of control - lost its rider, didn't you know that?
R Carolus, Kano,
Why are Lloyds TSB being hit so hard ?
Dene, Cardiff, Wales