Christine Seib
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Shares on Wall Street yesterday recorded their biggest rise in five years after central banks pumped more than $280 billion (£140 billion) of liquidity into global markets. The banks’ move came amid growing fears that a new wave of credit-related pain was heading for the world’s financial companies.
The Dow Jones industrial average closed up 416.70 points, or almost 4 per cent, at 12,156.80 after the US Federal Reserve offered up to $200 billion worth of Treasury bonds to the big investment banks and other investors, in return for their damaged mortgage-backed securities. This is on top of $200 billion that the Fed made available last Friday.
In the UK, the Bank of England put £10 billion in additional funds up for auction and said it would consider providing another £10 billion next month. The European Central Bank announced plans to auction up to $15 billion, while the Bank of Canada and the Swiss National Bank said that they would run new cash auctions worth a combined $10 billion.
The FTSE 100 closed up 1 per cent at 5,969.4 points despite the liquidity injection, as investors continued to worry about the contents of today’s Budget.
Economists said yesterday’s moves indicated that credit markets were continuing to worsen. Ian Shepherdson, a senior economist at High Frequency Economics, said: “What this shows is that the arrangements the Fed had in place weren’t working. Things have got worse. They are trying to expand the liquidity-lending programme”.
Bankers said the decision by the central banks to coordinate their actions was likely to send a chill through the markets.
“It’s a very bold thing for the Fed to do . . . but if it doesn’t work, there is no plan B,” one said. “They are basically accepting busted securities as collateral for loans. I don’t ever remember central banks coordinating globally like this. That should scare the hell out of everybody.”
Adding to the gloom, Bear Stearns continued to fight off bad news. Punk Ziegel cut its target price on the American bank’s stock by half to $45 and said that Bear might be forced to look for a merger partner. On Monday the bank’s shares fell to a five-year low after speculation that it had run out of capital. Bear said there was “absolutely no truth” to the rumour.
The Fed hopes that by swapping mortgage-backed securities with bonds, banks would be better able to borrow from each other, because counterparties would be happy to accept Treasury bonds as collateral.
Interbank lending had plummeted amid a panic about the quality of the securities being used as collateral.
The credit crunch plunged to new depths last Friday as lending markets dried up amid fears that another financial institution was close to collapse. Investment banks had begun making margin calls on their hedge fund clients causing one – Peloton, a London manager – to close last week and shares in Carlyle’s CCC fund to be suspended. Last night Citigroup said it had launched a $1 billion bailout of six internal hedge funds. The bank has already injected $600 million and pledged $400 million more.
Questions of confidence
Where does this extra liquidity come from?
No money has actually changed hands. When the Fed offers $200bn of extra
liquidity it is not pouring US taxpayers cash into the US banks. It is
allowing banks to swap their damaged assets – mortgage backed securities –
for newly issued government bonds. The Fed will hold the assets until the
bonds are paid back.
How much extra cash has the Bank of England offered UK banks?
The Bank first auctioned £10bn in extra money in December and held a second
auction in January. Most of that was sold as loans to banks with a
three-month maturity. Now that the December loans are coming due, the Bank
will recycle the cash that is paid back in a new auction. This rolling £1
0bn injection is on top of the normal cash that the Bank lends each month.
How much the Bank lends is decided by 40 banks known as reserve scheme
members. Between August and December last year the members asked for about
37% more each month than normal.
What might have happened if the Bank had not offered extra cash?
Most UK banks are international companies that could, and have, borrowed from
America’s Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. Because of this,
there was no real concern that UK banks would run out of money. But banks
need to feel secure that their central bank is ready to react quickly to
changes in global financial markets. The Bank’s move is more about
bolstering confidence about lending to each other than about providing
funding necessary to survival.
How will this help UK banks?
As well as the extra cash available, the Bank has also said that it will
accept a wider range of collateral. That means banks can use some less
attractive assets as collateral.
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What was that in the Bible about not laying up your store on earth, forgiving debts and calling on God to provide your daily bread? Does that not oblige you to help God to do his duty?
Cheap credit, or even zero cost credit, is the answer as it always has been.
Michael Moore, Stockport, England
Ahh, the answer to the problem caused by cheap credit: more cheap credit!
Pierre, London,
The quick responses of the Fed and the other central banks to the latest credit crunch are highly commendable. For one of the most important functions of a central bank is to step in whenever the market falls into disarray. However, if the intervention, made with the view of addressing short-term liquidity issue, would have the undesirable, long-term consequence of further encouraging irresponsible banking practices, perhaps it is better for them to sit on the fence.
Chris, HK,
Rather than injecting that into the baking system, they'd be better off buying Microsoft. At least then, I might see a return on my money rather than a tax burden.
Michael, London,
Inflation-time is redistribution-time.
At the end some will hold all they were able to accumulate cheaply, or bought with cheap money thrown after them, because they are already "big". Acceleration of aggregate concentration.
It is what happens fast in paper-money-capitalism. It is natural.
"Ripe economies" like USA develop like that. USA will be the first country switching from capitalism to communism directly - the friendly marxist way. And that is good!
I don t know, what it will be called - maybe "transitional economy" - but certainly not "communism"...
Peter Vernunft, Berlin, Germany
This will encourage further reckless lending.
Costas, Cyprus,
"The Fed will hold the assets until the bonds are paid back." " is not pouring US taxpayers cash"
Fed promised to go on and on for 28- day lending.
So at the end, the sub-prime loans accepted as guarantees ARE beeing paid with the taxmoney.
hannu, Trellersby,
these are all signs of panic in the market and we are going to see much worse but what are they going to do then?inject more cash?investors have lost their confidence in the system and no amount of cash injection is going to patch this up.oil at 110 usd?does anybody know what this means?inflation inflation inflation!!!and then bust.the markets are doomed and i can't see any of these gentlemen able to save it with these gimmicks.soon it will turn lower again.
ebbi britt, vlaencia,
Edward you're quite right but if it was your job to balance the books. What would you do?
david, villeneuve, france
Everyone should remember that if the banks suffer pain, so will everyone else; they just pass it on and fight for their own survival. We are all dependant on borrowed money, even if we don't borrow any ourselves.
Yes the banks lost the plot. But there are only a few ways out of the mess.
1 Let the market take care of itself, the banks run out of money, and everyone goes bust, Warren Buffet and anyone with lots of cash cleans up and we all start again; most people from nothing.
2 Bail out the banks, cut interest rates, the system keeps going, only some people go bust.
3 Bail out the banks, cut interest rates, throw money into the system so that borrowers can pay the higher interest costs and have higher inflation which devalues debts (the "beam me up Scottie approach")
The first option is not politically possible. The central banks are aiming for option 2. We may end up with option 3.
Top bankers stay wealthy whatever happens. Even if they created the mess.
Alistair Nicholls, Manchester, England
We need to revisit the old expression 'smoke and mirrors' and see if it can be updated to suit the antics of the modern day financial illusionists.
Some sort of fudge giving a flavour half way between a structured investment vehicle and a credit default swap should do - for the time being - as skeleton after skeleton falls majestically out of the executive closet.
Personally I will believe what they say when I actually see the ectoplasm coming out of their mouths in broad daylight during a face to face conversation: cutting out the televisual and other 'mediums' so to speak.
We haven't heard much about private equity finance lately have we? I don't know what will hit the fan when they mess up all those companies they have bought and cause a lot of unemployment, but while we are in the biggest casino on the planet, I'll wager that it will be good for the vegetable garden.
Clive Wilson, Southampton,
So the United Bankrupts of America are now downgrading US Treasury Bonds to US treasury junk bonds status based on rubbish mortgage securities with "AAA" ratings that no other bank will have? Good grief, that should really help things! Up until now I thought at least US treasury bonds were safe, but I think it would be time to give even them a miss along with every other US instrument of financial mass destruction.
James Logan, Melbourne, Australia
Ah, cheap credit, the panacea that will create further ills.
Paul, Coventry,
These measures will not only prolong the agony but they will make the situation worse in the long run - the problem is all these measures are saving the skins of bankers who will carry on paying themselves massive bonuses thereby milking the system further - not one bank has passed on the benefits of these measures as they are using them to bolster their own balance sheets. The person at the bottom is not being helped by this as their motgages will get more expensive and their pensions are depleted. This leads to more defaults and repossessions and has created a vicious circle leading to more losses for the banks. What the UK needs is Tax Cuts to help the consumer.
Harry, warwick, uk
sounds like there giving the banks more time to sort out there books, a good move and becasue its coordianted then the currencies may only devalue agaisnt otehr currencies. banks are at the centre of our economey, so its important. this will probably lead to sustained high inflation which will lead to increased interest rates however. best solution move the economeys away from oil time for obama to come in a persuade the amrericans to becoem the leaders in non oil dependant trasnport. a move away from oil dependance would lead to less energy inflation and would stop the silly sheikhs and the middle east growing richer...
amit hindocha, leicester, uk
The FED are creating money from nothing. This is nothing but a bit of accountancy book cooking. The banks are able to palm off their worthless assets and make their problems go away. The taxpayer will pay whilst Wall Street gets bailed out again. Another sticking plaster on the severed limb of the economy. The giddy euphoric reaction of the markets will be short lived and the indices will slowly fall lower. The systemic problems in the credit markets have not been solved.
Edward, London,
God Bless America
Al, Odessa,