Patrick Hosking and Leo Lewis in Tokyo
We've made some changes
to The Sunday Times

America took the axe to interest rates today, cutting its key federal funds rate by a drastic 0.75 per cent - the biggest cut in 26 years - in a desperate attempt to prevent recession and restore calm to panicky financial markets.
However, the reduction to 3.5 per cent - the fourth cut since the credit crunch hit last summer - did little to placate nervous traders.
In the first half hour of trading this afternoon, Wall Street's closely watched Dow Jones Industrial Average, an index of blue chip companies, plunged by 356 points to 11,743.
It was the first opportunity for US investors to react to the massive shares sell-off in the rest of the world yesterday because Wall Street was closed for a public holiday.
In London, after a roller coaster day during which prices swung wildly, the FTSE 100 was by up 44.5 points to 5,677.7 in mid-afternoon trading. Earlier it had plunged by as much as 239.5 points.
The US Federal Reserve said today that it was reducing its rate to 3.5 per cent "in view of a weakening of the economic outlook and increasing downside risks to growth".
The Bank of England said this afternoon that it had no plans to bring forward its interest rate decision due at the beginning of February after keeping borrowing costs unchanged at 5.5 per cent this month.
America's emergency cut came a week before the normally scheduled six-weekly meeting of the Fed's interest rate setting committee. In its explanatory statement, it referred to the deterioration in financial market conditions, a deepening of the housing market contraction and a softening in the jobs market.
Ted Scott, manager of F&C's UK Growth & Income Fund, said: "The rate cut is a response to the rapidly deteriorating economic conditions that the market is increasingly factoring in.
“In the short term that may provide a fillip to equities and a relief to borrowers. However, the move also smacks of panic. It suggests that the economy is already in dire straits and paradoxically confirms the markets worst fears.”
The Dow Jones closed down 1.1 per cent while the FTSE rallied up 2.9 per cent at close.
Economic gloom continued to hit energy and commodity prices. Crude oil prices fell $2.38 to $88.19 on the New York Mercantile Exchange.
Overnight, Japanese shares suffered one of the worst trading days in history, with the Nikkei diving 5.7 per cent as entire trading screens turned crimson with “sell” orders.
So far this week, the Nikkei has lost 1,288 points, or 9 per cent of its value.
In Hong Kong, a second day of misery saw the Hang Seng in near freefall, down more than 8.4 per cent towards the end of afternoon trading.
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Bernake confirms what many of us suspected - things are much, much worse than anyone will admit, possibly even worse than anyone knows. And the FTSE RISES, proving once again that lemmings, as they plummet down the cliff face, can be heard to sing, 'Always look on the bright side of life'.
eric campbell, hrrogate, uk
Rachel, London. If the interest rate is 4.25% and it is now 3.5% it has been cut by three quarters of a percent or 0.75 percent. Elementary maths.
A Percentage point is (unecessary) market dribble for 1%.
David Smith, Stourbridge, UK
Part of the problem is that the rate cut is not passed on to the end borrowers who would stimulate the economy. The banks and institutions take it and say "Thanks for increasing my bottom line without me having to do anything."
Alan, San Francisco, US
Looks like corporate and individual GREED has finally caught up to us here in the United States!
For too long, the needs of the wealthy and corporate elite were catered to at expense of middle-class and poor-class citizens.
GREED doesn't pay, and now it will be a hard fall for many of the greedy who took so much unfair advantage of people. They deserve to suffer now.
J. S. C., Monmouth, Maine, USA
Sub prime mortgage-backed securities account for a market worth $6trillion (total US Treasury market is only $26trillion). If you think a drop in the market of something as huge as this will NOT trigger a recession think again. There will be 4 quarters of sub 1% growth in the US in 2008 I am quite certain of that.
JG, London,
Update the headline and article! US shares have rebounded (though still negative). But only down 1%, not 3.5%.
Jim, Los Angeles, USA
Rachel in London said
"it isn't a 0.75% cut - it's a 0.75 percentage point cut.
elementary"
Please, can anyone explain what on earth she was talking about - surely 0.75% cut means the same as 0.75 percent (of a point) cut - at least I always understood % to mean percent - and that's what plenty of economics editors are writing at this momement.
Is this someone trying to sound clever when they ain't?
Father Ignatius Brown, London, UK
I know exactly what the Americans will do if this is serious. They will find a way to go to war and the cogs are in already in motion for this.
Simon McDonnell, Welwyn, Herts, UK
Maybe I'm abit naive, but somehow I think that the economic crunch has alot to do with the price of oil. Talk about killing the goose that lays the golden egg. The Arab oil barons had better wise up and pump more oil and drop its' prices or their desert kingdoms might soon return to the camel and donkey era as we also will go back to the horse and buggy times. Talk about an unhealthy transfer of hard earned wealth in a relatively short time to a people who never earned it!
Yank, Warrenton , Missouri
Phew! Thank goodness I didn't try and post a sensible comment like Huw....
and thanks so much rachel what enlightenment! What's the difference anyway?
Oh... and BTW your address isn't london, london - it's London, England.
elementary
Jacq, London, England
like it or not the bank of england will have to reduce our interest rates
infact they should not have increased them over the last twelve months
theo, truro,
Would it be clearer if I said 75 basis points?
Huw Sayer, Norwich, England
I think that we need to take a step back and look at what's happening.
The USA has a problem in subprime RE lending which is about 50% ofn the way thru the pipeline already. By itself it's unlikely this would cause a recession in the USA. Just a couple of Quarters of 1% GDP gowth B4 back on track with 2-3%.
But we have also seem a worldwide bubble forming in Real Estate (much more problematic than anything in the USA), commodity prices spiralling, as Asia has been experiencing massive growth lead by China. China is an economy both w/o leadership and w terrible environmentally and health issues. Mid year the Olympics will see China close factories for a few months in an attempt to clean up the quality of air. This alone will slow their growth, but it's likely it will highlight how major their domestic problems are and begin a terribly expensive move towards easing pollution.
As the US expands in growth late 2008 look for commodity/energy and RE falls overseas + a stronger USDlr
Ian, Madison, USA
I agree with Huw that we are seeing a similar retrenchment to the 2000-2003 fall, and we are only 6 months into this one!
However I am not so optomistic that it will be over so quick, and only fall by ~48%, as the last fall was due to overbuying in IT stocks, and only a 1 month US recession (officialy.)
This fall is due to bad debts that have been well hidden by the financial institutions, and bad personal debts, perticularly in the UK, that will make this fall very punishing for those over extended. Also combined with this Debt fallout, will be the house price bubble bursting at last!
Nasty!
Christian, , London, , England
it isn't a 0.75% cut - it's a 0.75 percentage point cut.
elementary
rachel, london, london
From its peak in late 1999 at around 6930 - the FTSE 100 fell in 2000, 2001 and 2002 ending up somewhere around the 3560 mark - a sustained three year fall of 48%. Now that's a real bear market.
If this turns out to be as bad (and judging by the Fed's panicky 0.75% cut it's not going to be pleasant) and you take last summer's peak at around 6700 as the start of the slide (note we never made it back to 1999's high) then we are about half way down.
Sure there will be rallies but a real bear will chew them up and spit them out - so the bottom might not arrive until 2010.
Meanwhile, watch out as the credit crunch returns when the Monolines come off the rails and the issuers of Credit Default Swap start crumbling as the recession bites and defaults rise.
Then we will see banks raising interest rates no matter what the Fed does to base rates, simply to encourage more depositors to rebuild their balance sheets.
Lenders here have already started raising rates.
Huw Sayer, Norwich, England