Irwin Stelzer
We've made some changes
to The Sunday Times
THE Federal Reserve Board chairman Ben Bernanke gave Congress a briefing last week that was in line with the views of many worried readers who have been advising me that I don’t understand just how grim America’s economic situation is. So, in deference to their views, and to the need to provide a balanced view of the turbulent economic scene, let me sketch out the worst-case scenario.
The economy is not merely slowing, it is heading towards recession. Sales of new homes are 34% below year-earlier levels, as homes move from builder to buyer at the slowest pace in 13 years. The market for existing homes is no better: sales are down 23%, and the inventory of unsold homes has started to rise again after a brief fall. House prices are down about 10%, and are heading lower at an accelerating pace. Worse still, nonresidential construction, until now holding its own, “is likely to decelerate sharply”, says the Fed chairman.
Nor is any relief in sight. “Down-side risks to growth remain,” warns Bernanke, frustrated by the inability of the Fed to bring the housing market’s decline to an end. Even though the Fed has cut its short-term rate by 2.25 percentage points since September to 3%, rates on the standard 30-year fixed-rate mortgage are stuck at about 6.8%, almost exactly where they were at the height of the credit crunch last autumn. And any hope that the government would intervene directly was dashed when Treasury secretary Hank Paulson announced that he saw no reason for “the American taxpayer to be stepping in with more taxpayer dollars”.
Given that houses are most Americans’ largest asset, it is little wonder that consumer confidence is at its lowest level in five years, and that consumer spending, which held up in the first half of 2007, “appears to have slowed significantly”, as Bernanke put it to the House Committee on Financial Services. That’s not news to car companies, which are watching sales shrink to 10-year lows.
More important, falling house prices, rising mortgage (and credit-card) defaults and other problems in the credit markets are shrivelling banks’ balance sheets, making it harder for them to lend to even creditworthy customers. There is no question that such credit as is being made available to consumers and businesses is offered on tougher terms – more collateral, higher interest rates, more proof of creditworthiness.
Tighter credit, especially when combined with plummeting consumer confidence, causes the blood to run cold in the nation’s boardrooms. Projects are put on hold, investment spending declines and with it the new jobs needed to keep the unemployment rate down. Unemployment rises, consumer confidence and spending drop even more, foreclosures increase, credit tightens even more, and America settles into a long period of sub-standard growth, or actual decline.
Meanwhile, the number of people waiting for the next shoe to drop in credit markets is rising. When Credit Suisse can go from an “all’s well” to discovery of a $2.85 billion loss in a few days, investors can be forgiven for wondering what’s out there. There is an old saying that you can’t make chicken salad out of chicken droppings, and investors have discovered that this applies to the complicated debt packages that were supposed to elevate the quality of dicey loans by bundling them with other dicey loans. You can’t make a triple-A credit instrument out of lots of loans that are unlikely to be repaid.
All of this leads most observers to expect the Fed to cut rates even more, which Bernanke is hinting he will indeed do. But further loosening, especially when the fiscal stimulus is about to hit the economy, threatens to increase inflationary pressures, which have already driven the consumer price index up by more than 4% in each of the past three months, forcing the Fed repeatedly to raise its inflation forecast. The oil price seems to be settling at a bit more than $100 a barrel, and food prices are soaring, in part because of demand from increasingly better-off consumers in developing countries, and in part because misbegotten energy policies are diverting land from growing food to growing fuel.
Adding fuel to the inflationary fire is the falling dollar. Every drop in the value of the American currency makes imports more expensive. And now there is a new problem: prices of Chinese goods are rising as Chinese wage levels rise. These pay rates are not rising fast enough to make American workers competitive with their Chinese counterparts, but enough to make made-in-China products dearer in America.
Faced with the risk of a recession, Bernanke has decided that inflation is the lesser evil. Which has brought a furious response from Carnegie Mellon professor Allan Meltzer, America’s leading student of the Fed and its history. Writing in The Wall Street Journal, Meltzer excori-ates the Fed for its “unseemly and dangerous response to pressures from Wall Street”, where bankers are hoping that lower interest rates will drive up the prices of shares and bonds – not to mention houses.
Meltzer’s reasoning reflects my own, and explains why I remain optimistic. Even the Fed is predicting that the economy will grow more rapidly in the second half of this year, bringing the overall 2008 rate to between 1.3% and 2.0%. It expects unemployment to rise to 5.3%, up from current levels, but still below the postwar average.
So, nervous readers, hold off on the Prozac, at least until this summer, when we might just find that lower interest rates and the stimulus package provide that bridge over troubled economic waters that will ease your mind.
Irwin Stelzer is a business adviser and director of economic policy studies at the Hudson Institute
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We are now seeing the global impact of capital extracted from the legitimate economy!
Criminal earnings in 'Billions' and not a dollar paid in tax.
What is the point?
Answers on a postcard please!!
Shaun, Newcastle, Tyneside
Watch out for the impact on consumers and business of an enduring fall in confidence in the economy. Many of the current problems are not short term. That realisation has yet to sink in.
As my old friend Arnold Reissler of the Stockholm Institute says "There is no fire without smoke".
Marek, London,
Irwin, try this in your computer models. Add 10 cents a gallon tax, to petrol, until it reaches $9, as in Europe. Every month refund the tax to Americans - $1.20 tax gives approx $600 a year refund. What would be the effect of massive, sustained investment in fuel efficiency? and lower oil imports?
Hugo van Randwyck, London, UK
America and its obsession with money has led to governments which are only interested in one thing "dollars". There is no future for the planet earth if we continue with the existing thinking patterns which do not take environmental needs into account for each decision made.
Jim Wills, Brisbane, Australia
I am afraid to disappoint Irwin, but America is in decline like the Roman Empire once, and this time, it's not temporary. Asia is the future superpower.
And this decline is in every dimension: military, economic, finance, culture. Only some major players are left (Apple, Google) but for how long?
Ahmad, Tunbridge Wells, UK
America is finished. The multinationals know it and the mega rich know it, and even the ordinary rich are beginning to see the corpse in the bedroom. The best thing you can do if your an American with any wealth is convert it into anything but dollars and get on a fast plane out of there.
kevin, Lincoln, UK
With the idea of OPEC's trading of oil being switched from dollars to euros, or even multiple currencies, at least on the table for discussion, and with OPEC's complaint of US economic mismanagement and refusal to increase production, a falling dollar becomes a very real reason for oil-producers to switch and leave a large hole in the US balance-sheet.
Kevin Sweeney, Edinburgh, UK
Never asked yourself what this type of tax-rebate really is? It is helicopter-Bernanke fighting the credit-card-hangover!
But America has a big "advantage": Real-wage-adaption to world standards will be swift and profound.
Peter Vernunft, Berlin, Germany
Calling Irwin Stelzer, this is planet earth.
Your relentless optimism about the US economy seems to indicate you have become detached from reality. I can recommend a good psychiatrist.
Keith, Ashford,
BUT - You cannot be a superpower if you are broke....
peter Andersson, Palma, Spain
Unfortunately, wishful thinking is only that... Bernanke has consistantly been behind the curve on the developing financial crisis. And the tax rebates, etc. will not be sufficient to counter the recessionary mentality that has already set in. Fed tinkering will only prolong the downturn, and will not be the quick-fix the politicos are desiring before elections.
Rick Friedl, Edwards, USA/California
The levels of US debt, federal, company and personal, are unsustainable. They're denominated in dollars. Halve the value of the dollar - or cut it to a tenth or a hundredth - and you reduce the debt burden similarly.
America needs, and oh-so-quietly wants, serious inflation. Duck!
Noel Falconer MEcon, COUIZA, France
I think the .U.S. has decided now is a good time to have a controlled recession . As Irwin points out Chinese prices are starting to move closer to american costs . America seems to be treading water , allowing its oppnenents to catch up and have to deal with the social problem`s this will entail . Wages , union`s , health , etc . Thing`s that they ignore at the moment .
. But the U.S. is a huge economy and when it restarts on a more level playing field it will be a force to reckon with . While we in Europe with our ever increasing cost base , will be the one`s in trouble .
jerry hurley, Cork, Ireland
The levels of US debt, federal and commercial and personal, cannot be sustained. They're denominated in dollarst. Halve the value of the dollar and you halve the value of the debt - and the same applies if you cut to a tenth or a hundredth.
America needs and, quietly, wants serious inflation. Duck!
Noel Falconer, COUIZA, France
Perhaps what academics on both sides of the spectrum have been saying for decades is true - the old nation state is transforming. The key to every successful revolution is not battlefield victory - but a matter of when the old order simply cannot locate and control the source of the revolution. In this case as Warren Buffet said yesterday, multinational capital is going to do everything possible to keep hidden from MrTaxman who is hardly above suspicion himself as to motives.
Ironically we find the urge to deregulate serves to weaken the nation state -by allowing hitherto bogus financial activities to flourish.
. It's as if history, or nature adopt whatever masks they need to get their way - and they always get their way. The assumption that everything is cyclical and must return to a previous identical state is known anthropologically as "The myth of the eternal return." It's a "feel good" concept but I would not bet on it.
glenn schaefer, holbrook, USA
It was always fairly obvious that the US would choose to inflate its way out of its foreign debt obligations. The mugs are the countries that stocked up on US debt. We're at the beginning of a once in a century shift of global economic power. Learn from history the various ways these things work out.
John Small, Faversham,
six months ago the fed was saying that the economy was strong and the subprime was contained
i would not put too much faith in their forecasting ability
the economy is so bad that some guy who is three years removed from the state legislature
can promise all things to all people and lead the
race for president
thats how desperate people are
wall street guy, new york, usa
"Even the Fed is predicting that the economy will grow more rapidly in the second half of this year..."
Irwin, you say this as if the Fed is traditionally the most pessimistic commentator. It's the Fed's job to be optimistic rather than realistic - just like our Chancellor.
My question of the Fed would be what has it gotten right recently. Not so long ago the subprime crisis would be "contained". I would be more inclined to listen to the Fed and then assume the exact opposite.
Andrew , Dundee, UK
Mr Stelzer, denial is a river in Egypt. I figure that recession is an unspeakable word for you. That's all right. I will say it for you. The US is in a recession or is about to go into one and it is the consequence of the unwinding of a credit binge, just like a bad hangover after a wild drinking session. Sorry, someone just has to say it.
anthony, london , england
The average American consumer completely spent, the US government printing money like a Zimbabwean government, the US dollar falling, and inflation about to run rampant. Of course not forgetting a Government technically broke, and still going for broke. Oh my god, Irwin the empire has fallen, but the Emperor still has his clothes. You are an optimist, American needs them.
Des, Perth , Australia
The fiscal stimulus and the lower interest rates will keep recession back until the US presidential election in November. But once the inauguration is complete in Jan 2009, I think we'll see full blown recession in the first two or three quarters of next year. That is when the REBALANCING, which must happen, will occur with a vengeance. However, the issues of unemployment, foreclosure and economic devastation will be removed, to some extent, from the election campaign, which is what Bernanke is really trying to do.
The appalling economic consequences for the middle and working class in the US are going to be delayed but from 2009 onwards there is going to be economic carnage. And the Democrats will be left, as they always are, having to sort out the mess. It will take two terms from Obama to do this. By which time Jeb Bush will be ready to start all over again!
Neil, Walton, UK
My view to this comment 'hold off on the Prozac, at least until this summer, when we might just find that lower interest rates and the stimulus package provide that bridge over troubled economic waters'.
DREAM ON IRWIN!!!!
D Rumsfeld, London, UK
You have left out a rather large gorilla in the room: American government borrowing and spending. This administration, not the soundest fiscal mind on the planet at the moment, has dug a hole in the sands of Iraq and has poured a trillion dollars into it, almost all of it borrowed. More will be poured into it as well over the next "hundred years." Crikey! That money, invested in infrastructure, health care, poverty programs, CCC, WPA type employment programs, education stimulus, would have cured many an ill and done the economy wonders to bridge any recession. I can hardly wait to see what the new 10,000 dollar bill will look like. I suppose it will have Bush's simpering face on it. Sigh.
Stephen Miles, Fayetteville, NC, USA
No problem with the economy, our main concern is "Should we get rid of our pennies"? That's what the boys in Washington are spending their time on.
Larry Trochtenberg, St. Louis, Missouri