Patrick Hosking, Business commentary
Enter our Snapshots of Summer photography competition
Unless the energetic British consumer succumbs to a Damascene conversion to the virtues of thrift, or there is a major financial market shock, UK interest rates are going up again. Probably by at least another quarter point to 6 per cent, probably this autumn. The Bank of England’s latest Inflation Report, reinforced by the stern mood music yesterday from Mervyn King, the Governor, has left economists in little doubt that another tightening of the monetary screw is imminent.
Although inflation has fallen quite sharply in recent months, the slide is not enough to convince the Bank’s Monetary Policy Committee that it can meet its inflation target of 2 per cent without another dose of policy medicine. Consumer spending growth is moderating only very slowly. There’s just not enough spare capacity in the economy and the danger is that companies will be able to make price rises stick.
The five interest rate rises already imposed on businesses and consumers over the past year have probably not, according to Bank thinking, been enough. The patient is not responding as quickly as in the past. When the Bank embarked on policy tightening spells in 1999-00 and in 2003-04, consumers started to curb their spending markedly within nine months. That hasn’t happened this time.
This is partly a transmission problem. Rises in base rate are not feeding through into the rates at which businesses and individuals actually borrow. Between July 2006 and June 2007, base rate rose by 1 percentage point. Yet firms experienced an increase in borrowing costs of only between 0.67 and 0.82 percentage points.
Similarly, consumers saw their actual interest rates go up by an average of 0.51 per cent on mortgages and 0.76 per cent on variable-rate unsecured lending. The transmission mechanism has been delayed because of the fashion for fixed-rate mortgages, and dampened because of the willingness of banks until recently to sacrifice margin in the quest for new loan business. But it is also a matter of psychology. Consumers believe the squeeze on their after-tax incomes is only temporary. So they are still dipping into savings or borrowing more. Home owners, meanwhile, have been reassured by the rising value of their homes. Another nudge on the interest rate lever is likely to be necessary to soften consumer confidence.
With hindsight, the Bank reduced rates too far in 2005, unleashing a pickup in inflationary expectations that continues to persist. The likely rises in the prices of highly visible purchases like basic foodstuffs and petrol this autumn could have a disproportionate impact too. It may be oversimplistic, but the petrol price pushing through £1 a litre for the first time could be just the kind of symbolic jolt to persuade employees into bigger wage demands and firms into raising prices. The Bank cannot afford for the creep-creep of price rises to become any more ingrained in public expectations.
Inflation has overshot the Bank’s forecasts from a year earlier for nine quarters in a row now. Mr King has already had to write his public letter to the Chancellor explaining why he has missed the target.
It is possible that the transmission of past base rate rises is at last about to be passed on with a vengeance, as fixed-rate borrowers negotiate fresh deals on less attractive terms and as banks price risk more realistically by fattening up margins.
But continuing to underestimate the inflationary threat would look worse for the Bank than being accused of overkill. To borrow its own coinage, the risks to its own credibility lie on the upside. For that reason alone, rates are going higher.
Win a luxury weekend to Newcastle and its neighbour Gateshead, find out more here
Risk, resilience and embracing new technology
Industry sectors news at a glance. Interactive heatmap, video and podcast
Discover the collective power of smart thinking. Submit a solution and be in with a chance to win a Flip MinoHD Camcorder
The inside track on current trends in the charity, not for profit and social enterprise sectors
Everything the Business Traveller needs to know to make a better trip
Make the most of the summer and enter our fabulous photographic competition, you could win a £5000 holiday
Corsica is an island of beauty and contrast, an ideal holiday destination
Enjoy further reading from Travel to Fashion, Business to Sport, discover more
Shortcuts to help you find sections and articles
The clever way to lease a new car is with Car leasing made simple™
2009
42,945
2008
71,450
Car Insurance
Not Specified
MI6
UK-based
£60,000
The Environment Agency
Bristol
Up to £90K
Boots
Midlands
OTE £85k
Credit Protection Association
Nationwide Opportunities
Completely London
Luxury Condo's in Manhattan with NYC views
The best new homes in Wimbledon?
Nationwide
Save up to £1,000 per couple with Elite Vacations at the five-star Constance Lemuria Resort
and do the British Isles this Summer.
Save up to 60% with Oxford Hotels and Inns
Try our inspiring luxury holidays to the Indian Subcontinent and South East Asia.
Great offers available
8 fabulous Canadian cities ...you won’t find cheaper
Contact our advertising team for advertising and sponsorship in Times Online, The Times and The Sunday Times, or place your advertisement.
Times Online Services: Dating | Jobs | Property Search | Used Cars | Holidays | Births, Marriages, Deaths | Subscriptions | E-paper
News International associated websites: Globrix Property Search | Property Finder | Milkround
Copyright 2009 Times Newspapers Ltd.
This service is provided on Times Newspapers' standard Terms and Conditions. Please read our Privacy Policy.To inquire about a licence to reproduce material from Times Online, The Times or The Sunday Times, click here.This website is published by a member of the News International Group. News International Limited, 1 Virginia St, London E98 1XY, is the holding company for the News International group and is registered in England No 81701. VAT number GB 243 8054 69.
For some time already it has been clear that Mervyn King has been behind the curve in checking the rise in inflation. His predecessor Eddie George benefitted unduly from the benign inflationary environment enjoyed globally. Not unnaturally, this led to a false sense of security as the government convinced the general public that their policy of making the Bank of England independent had abolished inflation from the economy. Sadly their hubristic attitude has proved to be infectious; as chancellor, Gordon Brown crowed in Parliament too often about 'the lowest inflation for 30 years' . The MPC, for some reason, believed Brown's twaddle and did not allow for the impact of ever-rising oil prices.
QED, interest rates STILL have further to go on the upside.
Rick, London, England
Raising interest rates is not the solution, there is an increasing use of credit in this country, the solution is to change the populations view of credit. Banks and financial organisations will make money whatever the rate is, the utimate 'loser' is the public, Pressure to raise wages will increase, just to maintain a present standard of living . We as a nation have become used to living on credit and are fueling house prices rises to fund the use of credit. The Bank of England can control interest rates but ultimately the Govt needs to step in. If you want to peg down inflation make it harder to borrow.
Make it a requirement that only 50% of the cost of anything can be borrowed. 50% mortgage, car loans even business loans .
Peg house price increases to the rate of inflation for 5 years .
James , Ipswich, Suffolk
Is some kind of "arms race" starting?
The delay in transmission is caused because, in a mirror image of the US situation, fixed-rate mortgages were sold to people who didn't really understand them as a way to be able to ignore interest rate changes, as if this were somehow a good thing. In time, the MPC will learn that more brutal changes in rates have become necessary in order to affect spending habits. In turn, one can expect that some marketing hotshot in a bank somewhere will come up with another financial instrument to allow consumers to ignore _those_ changes, and so on....
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswade, UK
Looks likely that Gordon will be running off to the country in November then...(before it gets any worse)!
Pete Balchin, Solicitor , Bristol, UK
this is an ongoing problem, caused by a rate of official inflation too dissociated from the spectrum of goods and services purchased. the official rate has been around 2.5% for the last 10 years, assuming real price inflation of around 3.5% this means that wages have deflated on average by about £2500 over the last 10 years( based on an average salary of £24000), i know this doesn't sound a lot by that uses conservative figures. and just think how you would feel with and extra £150 per month net, might make a dent in the credit cards or that mortgage a bit easier to deal with?
Ben, folkestone, uk
I wonder if the government has considered putting restrictions on new lending instead of across the board rate rises that primarily inflict pain on those who have already borrowed? repossessions don't help anyone.
and, if it were actually the case that interest rate rises persuaded people to stop borrowing and maybe save instead, there might be some point in these piecemeal rises. unfortunately, as chris points out below, the result would seem to be that salary demands simply increase to match the cost of living. increasing interest rates in this way simply fuels inflation.
jem, london, uk
The Bank should never have made its quarter-point cut in interest rates about 2 years ago - that was their biggest mistake as it sent a signal to borrowers that the Bank would ease off on rate-raising at the first sign of trouble and they would be bailed out of their debts and rescued by rising house prices.
If the Bank had remained hardline throughout the last few years of asset-price, and what is now emerging as consumer-price, inflation, they wouldn't need to raise rates higher now. The US Federal Reserve has been much tougher on inflation and it is ultimately going to be better for the economy there than the BoE hiding its head in the sand and hoping inflation goes away without doing any harm.
MB, Edinburgh,
A year ago people were saying it would never go above 5% or that at the outside te peak would be 5.25%.
I guess reality isn't as benign as these widely-believed "predictions" stated.
David Carboni, Guildford, Surrey
high interest rates boost inflation!
any views on this?
wil doyle, east hoathly lewes, uk
Expectations of change in borrowing behaviour from interest rate rises may no longer match past patterns for several reasons.
First, the generally much lower interest rates over the past fifteen years compared with previous periods and long term averages renders incremental change relatively insignificant for borrowers.
More importantly, a greater variety of borrowing instruments and greater borrower sophistication has added a dynamic aspect to refinancing. As house equity has increased, re-financing has become the norm.
Borrowers have also learned the possibilities of staggered repayments of different loans, using part-proceeds of loans to fund a series of other repayments.
The diversity of borrowing management may have added unpredictability to interest rate change outcome.
dr venables preller, Warminster, UK
As Chris Heaton rightly says, incremental increases do not give a clear enough signal - to use the analogy made popular by a management book a few years ago, it is a case of the boiled frog (increase the temperature of the water gradually and the frog gets sleepy until it is too late - increase the temperature rapidly and the frog escapes with only scalded toes).
Back at the spring it was becoming clear (judging by the comments of many analysts and commentators and at least one MPC member) that we would need rates in the region of 6%+ to cool inflation fed by consumer and business borrowing (and the mispricing of risk and assets). The BoE would have made its job easier if it had raised rates by at least 0.5% in May (as at least one MPC member suggested - perhaps not strongly enough).
At the same time as making it clear that it won't bail our reckless borrowers and lenders, the BoE should also make it clear that it won't bail out reckless market speculators who misprice risk.
Huw Sayer, Norwich, England
Of course, this all looks wonderful in the slightly rareified air of senior economists salaries and mortgage commitments. The rises already brought in are going to hit a lot of people, myself included, very hard indeed in the next few months. I suspect a hawk or two (with comfortable incomes and no personal risk) expects pre Christmas spending to cover a real reduction in public confidence. Note further that proportion of workers who are Government empolyees funded by taxation. If rates rise and their already relatively marginal incomes are squeezed further then their unions may well make understandably higher pay claims thus driving demands on taxation.
Of course, I'm not an economist, just a government employee trying to pay a mortgage on an ordinary house in an ordinary area.
Andrew Fanner, Cowplain, UK
I wonder if this is the same Chris who writes in the blog on the House Price Crash web-site?
However, I think he is right. I did think IR's would reach 6.5% before xmas this year. Some economists think this is unlikely. I think that 6% before xmas seems a foregone conclusion, but don't forget that the markets some 2-3 months ago were pricing into their deals, IR's at 6.5% and there is a very real double pincer between sub prime problems and the need therefore to lower rates and the risk of a run on Sterling and/or the Dollar. The plot thickens..........
Pete Balchin, Solicitor , Bristol, UK
Raising interest rates little by little never caps inflation as quickly as "economists" believe it will. Instead we experience a spiral upwards of inflation and interest. It will not top out at 6%. The initial reason for this is that interest is just another cost to business. If that cost goes up, then to maintain margins prices go up. As prices go up, wage inflation starts to creep - which it already is doing out here in the "real" world. So prices go up again to cover this increase in cost - and they stick for the time being because the real increase after wage inflation does not deter the consumer. As long as jobs are relatively plentiful, and the interest rate increases are relatively small and spread out over time, past experience says that we will sleep walk to interest rates of at least 7.5% before they even start to have an effect.
Chris Heaton, Sheffield,